This research investigated the short term effects of temperature changes (lasting 2-4 weeks each) from 35 +/- 2 degrees C to 21 +/- 2 degrees C and 13 +/- 2 degrees C and sulfide toxicity on partial nitrification-anammox (PN/A) system. Temperatures below 20 degrees C and sulfide content as low as 5 mg(S) L-1 affected both aerobic and anaerobic catabolic activities of ammonia oxidation and the expression of related functional gene markers. The activity of AOB was inversely correlated with ammonium monooxygenase (amoA) gene expression. In contrast, the activity of AMX bacteria was positively correlated with the expression of their hydrazine synthase (hzsA) gene. Although the overall activities of AMX bacteria decreased at lower temperatures, the AMX bacteria were still active at the low temperatures. The inverse correlation between amoA gene expressions and the corresponding AOB activities was surprising. 16S rDNA based high throughput amplicon sequencing revealed the dominance of Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes and Proteobacteria phyla the distribution of which changed with temperature changes. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.