Aerogels are high-performance materials used for space and aviation purposes. Cellulose aerogel fibers have been investigated under real space conditions for their insulation properties. The experiments were carried out in a one-stage high-altitude research rocket of the improved ORION type. A cuboid module with measurement cells, camera modules, and electronic devices has been developed for monitoring the insulation behavior of cellulose aerogel non-woven samples. The thermal behavior of these samples has been analyzed and compared to cellulose cloth (cotton) and aluminum for reference.