The effect of the membrane orientation, feeds flow rate, feeds temperature, and combining effect of both temperature and flow rate on the membrane flux was investigated in order to enhance the performance of forward osmosis (FO) process. Results from experimental work demonstrated that the concentrative internal concentration polarization (CICP) could be mitigated by increasing the feed solution flow rate and using a spacer. On contrary, the severity of dilutive internal concentration polarization (DICP) phenomena was aggravated by increasing the draw solution flow rate. It was also found that when increasing the draw solution (DS) temperature from 20 degrees C to 26 degrees C the flux increased linearly and then started decreasing when temperature increased over 26 degrees C due to the development of a temperature gradient. The experimental results also showed that the membrane flux increased by 93.3% due to temperature increase from 20 to 26 degrees C and the flow rate from 12 to 3.2 L/min using a 0.5 M NaCl solution as the draw solution and distilled water as the feed solution (FS). (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.