We explore the effect of deliberately increased particle roughness on the rheology of noncolloidal suspensions of spheres, both in Newtonian ( polydimethylsiloxane or silicone oil) and non-Newtonian ( Boger fluid) matrices. The object of the experiment is to change only the roughness of the spheres, while leaving the density and the material of the particles unchanged, so as to isolate the effect of roughness on rheology. Two sphere materials, polystyrene ( PS) and polymethylmethacrylate ( PMMA) were used. The PS spheres were of 40 and 80 mu m nominal diameters, and the PMMA spheres were 40 mu m in diameter. Roughness ratios ( average roughness/sphere radius) of 0.1%-5% were explored. With silicone matrices, there was up to 50% increase in viscosity with a 50% volume fraction suspension and an increase in the normal stress differences of a similar magnitude. Two polybutene-based Boger fluids were also used. The increases of viscosity with the polybutene matrices were somewhat larger than those with the Newtonian matrix; at 40% volume concentration, we saw approximately a 35% increase in viscosity with a roughness ratio of 5.3%. We compared the experimental results with computations for spheres in Newtonian matrices, and we found reasonable agreement with the computations of Mari et al. [ J. Rheol. 58, 1693-1724 ( 2014)] if a friction coefficient of about 0.5 was assumed. We conclude that friction and roughness must be considered in computational work, or no agreement with experiment will be found. We suggest that the shear-thinning seen with Newtonian matrices is due to a lessening of friction with shear rate. We also show that the unexpected success of the Maron-Pierce formula for Newtonian suspensions is due to the fact that it mimics well a frictional suspension with a friction coefficient of similar to 0.5. (C) 2016 The Society of Rheology.