Protein A chromatography has been used as the mAb capture step in the majority of FDA submissions. In this study, the performance of protein A chromatography, as indicated by capacity, operational flow rate, and productivity (rate of mAb production per liter of resin) was examined over its full history to gain insights into the reasons for its consistent use. Protein A productivity and capacity have increased 4.3 and 5.5% a year, respectively, since 1978. In contrast, protein A operational flow rate increased between 1978 and 2001 and then remained constant or declined as further improvements provided only marginal benefits. The productivity of protein A resin and also the mAb bioreactor titer (14% growth) rapidly improved starting in about 1990 to economically provide material for clinical trials. Technology improvement is typically driven by product sales. The sales of protein A resin, as indicated by sales of protein A ligand (21% growth), have closely paralleled the sales of mAbs (20% growth). Both increased rapidly in 2000 after the first major mAb therapeutics were approved and the markets were developed. It is likely that alternatives to protein A chromatography have not been implemented because of the order of magnitude improvement in protein A performance. Protein A membrane adsorbers and monoliths have higher productivity than packed columns due to their short bed heights and high operational flow rates. These devices are not currently practical for large-scale manufacturing but may represent a format for future improvements in protein A productivity. (c) 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1193-1202, 2016