A key component of understanding the potential environmental risks of fullerenes (C-60) is their potential effects on benthic invertebrates. Using the sediment dwelling invertebrate Chironomus riparius we explored the effects of acute (12h and 24h) and chronic (10d, 15d, and 28d) exposures of sediment associated fullerenes. The aims of this study were to assess the impact of exposure to C-60 in the sediment top layer ((0.025, 0.18 and 0.48) C-60 mg/cm(2)) on larval growth, oxidative stress and emergence rates and to quantify larval body burdens in similarly exposed organisms. Oxidative stress localization was observed in the tissues next to the microvilli and exoskeleton through a method for identifying oxidative stress reactions generated by reactive oxygen species. Rapid intake of fullerenes was shown in acute experiments, whereas body residues decreased after chronic exposure. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed oxidative damage and structural changes in cells located between the lipid droplets and next to the microvilli layer in fullerene exposed samples. Fullerene associated sediments also caused changes in the emergence rate of males and females, suggesting that the cellular interactions described above or other effects from the fullerenes may influence reproduction rates. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.