Production of high purity biodiesel through direct saponification of wet biomass of Chlorella protothecoides in a low cost microwave reactor: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Prakash Binnal; Paturi Nirguna Babu

Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol.34, No.4, 1027-1036, April, 2017

DOI10.1007/s11814-017-0002-8 Export Citation

Production of high purity biodiesel through direct saponification of wet biomass of Chlorella protothecoides in a low cost microwave reactor: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Prakash Binnal^†, and Paturi Nirguna Babu

Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru-572103, Karnataka, India

E-mail:

We studied production of biodiesel from microalga Chlorella protothecoides (SAG 211-10 C) through direct saponification of its wet biomass (70% moisture) in a microwave reactor using ethanolic potassium hydroxide. The resulting soap was precipitated by “common ion effect” using saturated solution of potassium chloride and subjected to simultaneous acidulation and esterification to form biodiesel. The optimum parameters for saponification were: Temperaure-60 °C, Ethanol to dry biomass ratio (ml/g)-80 : 1, concentration of KOH-0.5%, microwave power-450W; and for esterification they were Temperature-60 °C, wt% of sulfuric acid-2.5%, molar ratio of methanol to fatty acids-70 : 1, microwave power-450W. The kinetics and thermodynamics of saponification and esterification were investigated. Both reactions were found to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. Activation energies were determined as 14.177 kJ/mol and 17.234 kJ/mol for saponification and esterification, respectively. The final biodiesel yield and purity were 98.74% and 94.83%, respectively.

Keywords:Biodiesel;Chlorella protothecoides;Common Ion Effect;Microwave Reactor;Direct Saponification

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[2] Mata TM, Martins AA, Caetano NS, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 14, 217 (2010)

[3] Dong T, Wang J, Miao C, Zheng YB, Chen SL, Bioresour. Technol., 136, 8 (2013)

[4] Haas MJ, Wagner K, Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 113, 1219 (2011)

[5] Macias-Sanchez MD, Robles-Medina A, Hita-Pena E, Jimenez-Callejon MJ, Esteban-Cerdan L, Gonzalez-Moreno PA, Molina-Grima E, Fuel, 150, 14 (2015)

[6] Im H, Lee H, Park MS, Yang JW, Lee JW, Bioresour. Technol., 152, 534 (2014)

[7] Cao H, Zhang Z, Wu X, Miao X, Biomed. Res. Int., 2013, 1 (2013)

[8] Patil PD, Gude VG, Mannarswamy A, Deng SG, Cooke P, Munson-McGee S, Rhodes I, Lammers P, Nirmalakhandan N, Bioresour. Technol., 102(1), 118 (2011)

[9] Ali M, Watson IA, Renew. Energy, 76, 470 (2015)

[10] Grima EM, Medina AR, Gimenez AG, Perez JS, Camacho FG, Sanchez JG, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 71, 955 (1994)

[11] Gonzalez MI, Medina AR, Grima EM, Gimenez AG, Carstens M, Cerdan LE, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 75, 1735 (1998)

[12] Pena EH, Medina AR, Callejon MJJ, Sanchez MDM, Cerdan LE, Moreno PAG, Grima EM, Renew. Energy, 75, 366 (2015)

[13] Veillette M, Giroir-Fendler A, Faucheux N, Heitz M, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 99(1), 109 (2015)

[14] Scott AT, US Patent 2,300,750 (1942).

[15] Bligh EG, Dyer WJ, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 37, 911 (1959)

[16] Vicente G, Coteron A, Martinez M, Aracil J, Ind. Crop. Prod., 8, 29 (1998)

[17] Lidstrom P, Tierney J, Wathey B, Westman J, Tetrahedron, 57, 9225 (2001)

[18] Fajardo AR, Cerdan LE, Medina AR, Fernandez FGA, Moreno PAG, Grima EM, Eur. J. Lip. Sci. Technol., 109, 120 (2007)

[19] Halim R, Danquah MK, Webley PA, Biotechnol. Adv., 30, 709 (2012)

[20] Wahidin S, Idris A, Shaleh SRM, Energy Conv. Manag., 84, 227 (2014)

[21] Patil PD, Gude VG, Mannarswamy A, Cooke P, Munson-McGee S, Nirmalakhandan N, Lammers P, Deng SG, Bioresour. Technol., 102(2), 1399 (2011)

[22] Lokman IM, Rashid U, Zainal Z, Yunus R, Taufiq-Yap YH, J. Oleo Sci., 63, 849 (2014)

[23] Patil PD, Gude VG, Mannarswamy A, Cooke P, Nirmalakhandan N, Lammers P, Deng SG, Fuel, 97, 822 (2012)

[24] Martinez-Guerra E, Gude VG, Mondala A, Holmes W, Hernandez R, Bioresour. Technol., 156, 240 (2014)

[25] Kostic MD, Velicovic AV, Jokovic NM, Stamenkovic OS, Veljkovi VB, Waste Manage., 48, 619 (2016)

[26] Rathore V, Tyagi S, Newalkar B, Badoni RP, Fuel, 140, 597 (2015)

[27] Evans MG, Polanyi M, J. Chem. Soc.-Faraday Trans., 31, 875 (1935)

[28] Ong LK, Kurniawan A, Suwandi AC, Lin CX, Zhao XS, Ismadji S, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 75, 11 (2013)

[29] Nautiyal P, Subramanian KA, Dastidar MG, Fuel, 135, 228 (2014)

[30] Ahmad A, Yasin NM, Derek C, Lim J, Environ. Technol., 35, 891 (2014)

[31] Knothe G, Fuel Process. Technol., 88, 669 (2007)