Enhanced aerobic/anoxic Downflow Hanging Sponge (DHS) bioreactors were assessed for carbon (C) and total nitrogen (TN) removal for decentralised domestic wastewater treatment applications. The initial design included upper aerobic and lower anoxic sponge layers, and effluent recirculation, and achieved >80% CODs and >90% NH4-N removal. However, effluent TN was higher. It was concluded the anoxic layer was C-limited for denitrification, therefore an influent bypass was added to the anoxic layer to provide supplemental C. Differed bypass ratios were compared, including 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% (% of total influent), and effluent TN declined with increasing bypass; i.e., 50.1 +/- 23.3 mg-N/L, 49.9 +/- 27.8 mg-N/L, 31.9 +/- 18.4 mg-N/L and 10.7 +/- 5.8 mg-N/L, respectively, and all reactors removed >80% CODs. This design has potential because it uses limited energy, tolerates variable flows, and simultaneously removes C and TN; all key for effective decentralised treatment applications. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).