In consideration of potential toxicity and environmental impacts of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) existing in wastewater, it is necessary to find an effective technology for removing them. Here, a novel osmotic membrane bioreactor combined with microfiltration (MF) membrane (MF-OMBR) was applied for Ag NPs removal from domestic wastewater, and the effects of Ag NPs on the performance of MF-OMBR including membrane fouling and microbial community were also evaluated. The findings demonstrated that MF-OMBR was an effective technology for nanoparticles removal owing to the biomass adsorption and membrane rejection. In the meanwhile, the inhibited effects of Ag NPs on microorganisms led to an increase of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in activated sludge and NH4+-N in sludge supernatant. Additionally, observations of microbial community dynamics by the Illumina MiSeq platform demonstrated that Ag NPs resulted in a decrease of species richness and an increase of bacterial community diversity in the MF-OMBR. However, Ag NPs mitigated FO membrane fouling and enhanced the water flux through reducing the deposition of biofoulants. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.