Indirect carbonation is a suitable method for carbon dioxide (CO2) removal from the environment, and it requires an acid to dissolve the calcium ions and a base to precipitate the formed calcium carbonate (CaCO3). We herein report a new method to produce high-purity nano-CaCO3 (nCaCO(3)) from steel slag using hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The rate equation for the dissolution of calcium (Ca) in the slag was derived using a range of variables, such as temperatures, solid -to -liquid (S/L) ratio, and HCI concentration. The purified calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)(2)) was converted into nCaCO(3) (size: 80-120 nm, purity: 98.5%) by carbonation with CO2, after impurities, such as iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and Mg, were completely removed. An efficiency of 73% was obtained for the dissolution and precipitation steps when 0.50 M HCI and 1.0 M NaOH were employed to produce 1 ton/h of nano-CaCO3 with a purity of 98.5 wt%. Recently, a sodium chloride (NaCI) electrolysis system with low energy requirement was proposed to simultaneously produce HCl and NaOH. Assuming 90% faradic efficiency in the aforementioned NaCI electrolysis, process energies of 916 kWh/tCaCO(3) and 1462 kWh/tCaCO(3) were obtained at potentials of 0.83 V and 1.50 V, respectively. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.