Energy & Fuels, Vol.31, No.3, 2548-2556, 2017
Steady-State and Transient Studies of Gas Hydrates Formation in Non-emulsifying Oil Systems
The dynamics of gas hydrate formation have been investigated for surfactant-free oil mixing systems, containing mineral oil or kerosene as the continuous phase. This subject is particularly relevant in the hydrate management strategies for deep-subsea petroleum production. Experiments were performed in a high pressure cell coupled to a rheometer to investigate the characteristics of hydrates formed under different mixing rates (rotational speeds of 200, 300, and 450 rpm) and water contents (5, 10, 20, and 30 vol %) mixed with the oil. The experimental protocol consisted of six stages: (i) saturation, (ii) cooling, (iii) hydrate formation, (iv) steady state, (v) shut-in, and (vi) restart. Three different types of results were observed. In the first type, all six stages were present and well-defined. In the second type, the experiment stopped during the third stage due to the jamming of the impeller caused by the morphology/amount of hydrate formed. For the last type, the experiment was executed until the shut-in stage but the impeller could not be restarted afterward. The shear (rotational speed) imposed in the system determined whether hydrates formed were dispersed or not: for a given water content with mineral oil, mixing at 450 rpm improved the dispersion state of the dynamic slurry compared to the mixing rate. The higher rotation speed provides mechanical energy for dispersing the water/small dispersed hydrates/breaking the hydrates into small units, which when combined with the viscous nature of mineral oil, results in a system with dispersed hydrates particles. Results using kerosene as the oil phase were shown to be more likely to reach plugging conditions due to the low viscosity of the oil and the poor dynamic stability of the slurry.