In this study, effects of porous carrier's size (polyurethane-based) on microbial characteristics were systematically investigated in addition to nitrogen removal performance in six microaerobic bioreactors. Among different sized carriers (50, 30, 20, 15,10, 5 mm), 15 mm carrier showed highest nitrogen removal (98%) due to optimal micro-environments created for aerobic nitrifiers in outer layer (0-7 mm), nitrifiers and denitrifiers in middle layer (7-10 mm) and anaerobic denitrifiers in inner layer (10-15 mm). Candidatus brocadia, a dominant anammox bacteria, was solely concentrated close to centroid (0-70 mu m) and strongly co-aggregated with other bacterial communities in the middle layer of the carrier. Contrarily, carriers with a smaller (<15 mm) or larger size (>15 mm) either destroy the effective zone for anaerobic denitrifiers or damage the microaerobic environments due to poor mass transfer. This study is of particular use for optimal design of carriers in enhancing simultaneous nitrification-denitrification in microaerobic wastewater treatment processes. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.