Dendrimer science is a relatively new branch of nanotechnology focused on non-linear macromolecules called dendrimers. These hyperbranched polymers are characterized by monodispersity, highly defined structure and - depending on specific type of dendrimer - good biocompatibility. Due to the possibility of encapsulation or surface conjugation of guest molecules on a dendrimer it can serve as delivery agent in life sciences. For bioimaging based on fluorescence dendritic polymers were extensively studied as conventional fluorophore carriers. Complexing of organic dyes with these macromolecules improves their solubility and enhances cellular uptake. Moreover, it helps overcome other limitations in using them for photobleaching, and their lack of specificity or cytotoxicity. Protective properties of dendrimers are especially valuable for use with quantum dots, which have great optical potential but contain heavymetals that can adversely affect biological objects. Dendrimer based fluorescent probes have been widely applied in vitro and in vivo bioimaging. An interesting phenomenon is non-traditional intrinsic fluorescence (NTIF) of dendrimers. Some of them show pH-and oxygen-dependent fluorescence without conjugation with other particles. NTIF is not fully understood, but attempts to take advantage of it for bioimaging have been made. This phenomenon has great potential since it enables dendrimers to serve simultaneously as delivery and diagnostic tool. (C) 2017 Society of Chemical Industry