화학공학소재연구정보센터
Macromolecular Research, Vol.25, No.9, 913-923, September, 2017
Agar-Carrageenan Hydrogel Blend as a Carrier for the Covalent Immobilization of β-D-Galactosidase
E-mail:,
κ-Carrageenan (Car) was mixed with agar in order to improve the treated gel…s ability to covalently immobilize enzymes. The treatment process of the produced agar-Car gel involved reacting with both polyethyleneimine and glutaraldehyde so as to provide the functional groups necessary for the covalent binding of enzymes. The positive effect imparted by the addition of Car to agar was confirmed through the statistical Plackett-Burman design (PBD). The PBD was employed to investigate the effects of 11 factors on the preparation of the treated agar-Car gel disks, and the immobilization of β-D-galactosidase (β-gal) onto these disks. The PBD provided recommendations on the levels at which 10 of the tested factors should be employed in the future as these factors were shown to be insignificant. On the other hand, the significant factor, the loading enzyme…s activity, was optimized in order to attain the maximum observed activity of immobilized β-gal which amounted to 166.2 U/g gel. It was also shown that the agar-Car immobilized β-gal maintained 97.7% of its initial observed activity during its fifteenth reusability cycle.
  1. Panesar PS, Panesar R, Singh RS, Kennedy JF, Kumar H, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 81(4), 530 (2006)
  2. Elnashar MMM, J. Biomater. Nanobiotechnol., 1, 61 (2010)
  3. Ichikawa S, Takano K, Kuroiwa T, Hiruta O, Sato S, Mukataka S, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 93(2), 201 (2002)
  4. Kuroiwa T, Shoda H, Ichikawa S, Sato S, Mukataka S, Process Biochem., 40(8), 2637 (2005)
  5. Li T, Li S, Wang N, Tain L, Food Chem., 109, 703 (2008)
  6. Prakash O, Jaiswal N, World Appl. Sci. J., 13, 572 (2011)
  7. Rai AK, Prakash O, Singh J, Singh PM, Adv. Biochem., 1, 51 (2013)
  8. Rehman HU, Aman A, Zohra RR, Qader SAU, Carbohydr. Polym., 102, 622 (2014)
  9. Wahba MI, Hassan ME, Biopolymers, 103, 675 (2015)
  10. Delattre C, Fenoradosoa TA, Michaud P, Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 54, 1075 (2011)
  11. Freile-Pelegrin Y, Robledo D, Armisen R, Garcia-Reina G, J. Appl. Phycol., 8, 239 (1996)
  12. Cui C, Tao Y, Li L, Chen B, Tan T, J. Mol. Catal. B-Enzym., 91, 59 (2013)
  13. Torres R, Pessela BCC, Fuentes M, Mateo C, Munilla R, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Guisan JM, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 39(4), 711 (2006)
  14. Pessela BCC, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Fuentes M, Vian A, Garcia JL, Carrascosa AV, Mateo C, Guisan JM, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 32(3-4), 369 (2003)
  15. Elnashar MMM, Wahba MI, Amin MA, Eldiwany AI, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 131 (2014)
  16. Elnashar MMM, Yassin MA, Kahil T, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 109(6), 4105 (2008)
  17. Elnashar MM, Millner PA, Johnson AF, Gibson TD, Biotechnol. Lett., 27(10), 737 (2005)
  18. Haider T, Husain Q, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 41, 72 (2007)
  19. Wahba WI, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 91, 877 (2016)
  20. Cao D, Zhang Y, Cui Z, Du Y, Shi Z, Mater. Sci. Eng. C-Biomimetic Supramol. Syst., 70, 665 (2017)
  21. Elnashar MMM, Yassin MA, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 159(2), 426 (2009)
  22. Barbosa O, Ortiz C, Berenguer-Murica A, Torres R, Rodrigues RC, Fernandez-Lafuente R, RSC Adv., 4, 1583 (2014)
  23. Ren L, He J, Zhang S, Evans DG, Duan X, J. Mol. Catal. B-Enzym., 18, 3 (2002)
  24. Mitchell AJ, Wimpenny JWT, J. Appl. Microbiol., 83, 76 (1997)
  25. Sadeghi M, Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 29, 295 (2012)
  26. Toyama Y, Sahara R, Lino Y, Kubota K, Trans. Mater. Res. Soc. Jpn., 36, 383 (2011)
  27. Borkovec M, Koper GJ, Macromolecules, 30(7), 2151 (1997)
  28. Monsan P, J. Mol. Catal., 3, 371 (1978)
  29. Olde Damnik LHH, Dijkstra PJ, Van Luyn MJA, Van Wachem PB, Nieuwenhuis P, Feijen J, J. Mater. Sci. -Mater. Med., 6, 460 (1995)
  30. Wahba MI, Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem., 63, 546 (2015)
  31. Ansari SA, Husain Q, J. Mol. Catal. B-Enzym., 63, 68 (2010)
  32. Sang LC, Vinu A, Coppens MO, Langmuir, 27, 138328 (2011)
  33. Albayrak N, Yang ST, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 31(4), 371 (2002)
  34. Ansari SA, Satar R, Zaidi SK, Ahmed A, Int. Scholarly Res. Not., DOI 10.1155/2014/163987 (2014).
  35. Elnashar MMM, Hassan ME, BioMed Res. Int., DOI 10.1155/2014/817985 (2014).
  36. Awad GEA, Abd El Aty AA, Shehata AN, Hassan ME, Elnashar MM, 3 Biotech, DOI:10.1007/s13205-015-0338-x (2016).
  37. Maksimainen MM, Lampio A, Mertanen M, Turunen O, Rouvinen J, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 60, 109 (2013)
  38. Chen X, Roberts CG, US Patent 6,399,850 B1 (2002).
  39. Braga ARC, Silva MF, Oliveira JV, Treichel H, Kalil SJ, Quim. Nova, 37, 796 (2014)
  40. Elnashar MM, Awad GE, Hassan ME, Mohy Eldin MS, Haroun BM, El-Diwany AI, Sci. World J., DOI 10.1155/2014/ 571682 (2014).
  41. Klein MP, Hackenhaar CR, Lorenzoni ASG, Rodrigues RC, Costa TMH, Ninow JL, Hertz PF, Carbohydr. Polym., 137, 184 (2016)
  42. Rodrigues RC, Ortiz C, Berenguer-Murcia A, Torres R, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Chem. Soc. Rev., 42, 6290 (2013)
  43. Sigma-Aldrich. k-Carrageenan. http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/ product/sigma/22048.
  44. Sigma-Aldrich. Poly(ethyleneimine) solution. http://www.sigmaaldrich. com/catalog/product/sigma/p3143.
  45. Sigma-Aldrich. Glutaraldehyde solution. http://www.sigmaaldrich. com/catalog/product/sigma/g6257.
  46. S. D. Fine-Chem Limited. Price list 2016-2017. http://www.sdfine. com/pricelistpdf.pdf.
  47. Sigma-Aldrich. Eupergit® CM. http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/ catalog/product/sigma/07742.