Bacteriorhodopsin has attracted remarkable attention as a photoactive bio-nanomaterial in the last decades. However, its instability in the presence of detergents has restricted the extent to which bacteriorhodopsin may be applied. In this study, we investigated the oligomerization of a eukaryotic light-driven H+-pump, Leptosphaeria rhodopsin, using circular dichroism spectroscopy and other biophysical and biochemical methods. Our findings revealed that Leptosphaeria rhodopsin assembled into oligomers in the cell membrane and also in 0.05% DDM detergent micelles. Moreover, unlike bacteriorhodopsin in purple membrane, Leptosphaeria rhodopsin retained its oligomeric structure in 1% Triton X-100 and demonstrated strong resistance to other common detergents. A maximal photocurrent density of similar to 85 nA/cm(2) was consistently generated, which was substantially larger than that of solubilized bacteriorhodopsin (similar to 10 nA/cm(2)). Therefore, oligomeric Leptosphaeria rhodopsin may be a promising bio-nanomaterial, and an alternative to bacteriorhodopsin, especially with the use of detergents. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.