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Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol.139, No.31, 10929-10936, 2017
Photocatalytic Conversion of Nitrogen to Ammonia with Water on Surface Oxygen Vacancies of Titanium Dioxide
Ammonia (NH3) is an essential chemical in modern society. It is currently manufactured by the Haber-Bosch process using H-2 and N-2 under extremely high-pressure (>200 bar) and high-temperature (>673 K) conditions. Photo catalytic NH3 production from water and N-2 at atmospheric pressure and room temperature is ideal. Several semiconductor photocatalysts have been proposed, but all suffer from low efficiency. Here we report that a commercially available TiO2 with a large number of surface oxygen vacancies, when photoirradiated by UV light in pure water with N-2, successfully produces NH3. The active sites for N-2 reduction are the Ti3+ species on the oxygen vacancies. These species act as adsorption sites for N-2 and trapping sites for the photoformed conduction band electrons. These properties therefore promote efficient reduction of N-2 to NH3. The solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency is 0.02%, which is the highest efficiency among the early reported photocatalytic systems. This noble-metal-free TiO2 system therefore shows a potential as a new artificial photosynthesis for green NH3 production.