Aerobic wastewater management is energy intensive and thus anaerobic processes are of interest. In this study, a microbial fuel cell was used to produce electricity from xylose which is an important constituent of lignocellulosic waste. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) was optimized for the maximum power density by gradually decreasing the HRT from 3.5 d to 0.17 d. The highest power density (430 mW/m(2)) was obtained at 1 d HRT. Coulombic efficiency decreased from 30% to 0.6% with HRTs of 3.5 d and 0.17 d, respectively. Microbial community analysis revealed that anode biofilm contained known exoelectrogens, including Geobacter sp. and fermentative organisms were present in both anolyte and the anode biofilm. The peak power densities were obtained at 1-1.7 d HRTs and xylose degraded almost completely even with the lowest HRT of 0.17 d, which demonstrates the efficiency of up-flow MFC for treating synthetic wastewater containing xylose. (C) 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.