Applied Surface Science, Vol.437, 82-91, 2018
Micron-sized columnar grains of CH3NH3PbI3 grown by solvent-vaporassisted low-temperature (75 degrees C) solid-state reaction: The role of non-coordinating solvent-vapor
The preparation of hybrid perovskite films with large columnar grains via low-temperature solid-state-reaction remains a big challenge. Conventional solvent annealing using DMF, DMSO and ethanol, etc. fails to work effectively at low temperature (<100 degrees C). Here, we comprehensively investigated the effects of non-coordinating solvent vapor on the properties of perovskite film, and obtained micron-sized columnar grains (with an average grain size of 1.4 mu m) of CH3NH3PbI3 even at a low temperature of 75 degrees C whenannealed with benzyl alcohol vapor. The perovskite solar cells based on benzyl-alcohol-vapor annealing (75 degrees C), delivered much higher photovoltaic performance, better stability and smaller hysteresis than those based on conventional thermal annealing. Additionally, a champion power conversion efficiency( PCE) of 15.1% was obtained and the average PCE reached 12.2% with a tiny deviation. Finally, the mechanism of solvent annealing with non-coordinating solvent was discussed. Moreover, we revealed that high polarity and high boiling point of the solvent used for generating vapor, was critical to grow micronsized columnar grains at such a low temperature (75.degrees C). This work will contribute to understanding the mechanism of grain growth in solvent annealing and improving its facility and effectiveness. (c) 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Keywords:Micron-sized columnar grain;Solvent annealing;Low-temperature solid-state reaction;Grain growth;Ostwald ripening