The oxidative desulfurization of crude petroleum from the Maiorskoe field (Orenburg oblast, Russia) with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of organic and inorganic acids has been studied. A procedure for the recovery of oxidized sulfur-containing compounds from the petroleum by extracting the oxidation products with polar solvents (N,N-dimethylformamide, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, or methanol) or thermal decomposition of oxidized sulfur compounds has been selected. As a result of the oxidative desulfurization, up to 80% total sulfur is recovered from the petroleum, with the change in the physicochemical characteristics of the petroleum being insignificant.