In this work, nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber aerogels (N-CNFA) were successfully prepared by freeze-drying and thermal treatment of bacterial cellulose in NH3 atmosphere. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize their morphology and structure. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms show that nitrogen doping can improve the specific surface area of CNFA obviously. The electrochemical measurements show that N-CNFA possesses higher specific capacitance and lower charge transfer resistance than undoped CNFA. The electrosorption capacity of N-CNFA can reach up to 17.29 mg g(-1) in 1000 mg L-1 NaCl solution, much higher than that of undoped CNFA (12.81 mg g(-1)). These results indicate that N-CNFA should be a promising candidate for CDI application.