화학공학소재연구정보센터
홈 로그인 로그아웃 연락처 사이트맵
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.66, 29-44, October, 2018
DOI10.1016/j.jiec.2018.05.028  Export Citation
Recent trends in the synthesis of graphene and graphene oxide based nanomaterials for removal of heavy metals . A review
Jihn Yih Lim1, N.M. Mubarak1, †, E.C. Abdullah2, †, Sabzoi Nizamuddin3, Mohammad Khalid4, and Inamuddin5, 6
  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009 Sarawak, Malaysia
  • 2Department of Chemical Process Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 3School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
  • 4Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
  • 5Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
  • 6Advanced Functional Materials Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
E-mail:,
The advanced synthesis and development of raw graphene based on various significant functionalization has been outstanding in the wastewater treatment compared to the other alternatives such as carbon nanotubes and other carbon nanomaterials. Nano size graphene is known to possess large surface area and some promising properties in terms of mechanical, electrical, chemical and magnetism. Besides, the graphene can be generated via both Top-down and Bottom-up methods such as chemical exfoliation, chemical vapour deposition and other techniques so that it can be further functionalized to form graphene oxide-based nanomaterials. Hence, graphene oxide-based nanomaterials are discovered to be useful in the application of heavy metal removal from wastewater. In short, this paper critically reviewed on the synthesis method of graphene and application of graphene oxide-based nanomaterials in the term of heavy metal removal. The advantages, drawbacks, comparison of the data efficiencies, and research requirements are further highlighted, elaborated and discussed detailly. Lastly, the future challenges of graphene are elaborated. Therefore, it can be guaranteed that the wastewater discharged should be detected with the minimum or none of the heavy metals so that minimum effects on the ecosystem is discovered.
Keywords:Graphene;Heavy metals;Nanomaterials;Graphene oxide;Nanoparticle
  1. Sur UK, Int. J. Electrochem., 2012 (2012)
  2. Krane N, Phys. Nanoscale Carbon, 1 (2011).
  3. Ionita M, Vlasceanu GM, Watzlawek AA, Voicu SI, Burns JS, Iovu H, Compos. Part B Eng., 121, 34 (2017)
  4. Muzyka R, Kwoka M, Smedowski L, Diez N, Gryglewicz G, New Carbon Mater., 32, 15 (2017)
  5. Rosenberg E, Matthey J, Technol. Rev., 59, 293 (2015)
  6. Bhanjana G, Dilbaghi N, Kim KH, Kumar S, J. Mol. Liq., 242, 966 (2017)
  7. Singh R, Gautam N, Mishra A, Gupta R, Indian J. Pharmacol., 43, 246 (2011)
  8. Nosier S, Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q., 17, 219 (2003)
  9. Zhang YY, Pei QX, Cheng Y, Zhang YW, Zhang X, Comput. Mater. Sci., 137, 195 (2017)
  10. Yang Y, Asiri AM, Tang Z, Du D, Lin Y, Mater. Today, 16, 365 (2013)
  11. Edwards RS, Coleman KS, Nanoscale, 5, 38 (2013)
  12. Bhuyan MSA, Uddin MN, Islam MM, Bipasha FA, Hossain SS, Int. Nano Lett., 6, 65 (2016)
  13. Zhang Y, Small JP, Pontius WV, Kim P, Appl. Phys. Lett., 86, 073104 (2005)
  14. Rao CNR, Sood AK, Graphene: Synthesis, Properties, and Phenomena, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012.
  15. Hiura H, Ebbesen TW, Fujita J, Tanigaki K, Takada T, Nature, 367(6459), 148 (1994)
  16. Lu X, Yu M, Huang H, Ruoff RS, Nanotechnology, 10, 269 (1999)
  17. Bernhardt T, Kaiser B, Rademann K, Surf. Sci., 408, 86 (1998)
  18. Liang X, Chang AS, Zhang Y, Harteneck BD, Choo H, Olynick DL, Cabrini S, Nano Lett., 9, 467 (2008)
  19. Ci LJ, Song L, Jariwala D, Elias AL, Gao W, Terrones M, Ajayan PM, Adv. Mater., 21(44), 4487 (2009)
  20. Chen JH, Ishigami M, Jang C, Hines DR, Fuhrer MS, Williams ED, Adv. Mater., 19(21), 3623 (2007)
  21. Wu Y, Yu T, Shen Z, J. Appl. Phys., 108, 10 (2010)
  22. Brodie B, Q. J. Chem. Soc. Lond., 12, 261 (1860)
  23. Staudenmaier L, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 32, 1394 (1899)
  24. Hummers WS, Offeman RE, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 80, 1339 (1958)
  25. Chen J, Yao B, Li C, Shi G, Carbon, 64, 225 (2013)
  26. Lavin-Lopez MD, Romero A, Garrido J, Sanchez-Silva L, Valverde JL, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 55(50), 12836 (2016)
  27. Botas C, Alvarez P, Blanco P, Granda M, Blanco C, Santamaria R, Romasanta LJ, Verdejo R, Lopez-Manchado MA, Menendez R, Carbon, 65, 156 (2013)
  28. Park S, An J, Piner RD, Jung I, Yang D, Velamakanni A, Nguyen ST, Ruoff RS, Chem. Mater., 20, 6592 (2008)
  29. Alam SN, Sharma N, Kumar L, Graphene, 6, 1 (2017)
  30. Marcano DC, Kosynkin DV, Berlin JM, Sinitskii A, Sun Z, Slesarev A, Alemany LB, Lu W, Tour JM, ACS Nano, 4(8), 4806 (2010)
  31. Choucair M, Thordarson P, Stride JA, Nat. Nanotechnol., 4(1), 30 (2009)
  32. Chaste J, Saadani A, Jaffre A, Madouri A, Alvarez J, Pierucci D, Aziza ZB, Ouerghi A, Carbon, 125, 162 (2017)
  33. Yu X, Hwang C, Jozwiak CM, Kohl A, Schmid AK, Lanzara A, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 184, 100 (2011)
  34. Fogarassy Z, Rummeli MH, Gorantla S, Bachmatiuk A, Dobrik G, Kamaras K, Biro LP, Havancsak K, Labar JL, Appl. Surf. Sci., 314, 490 (2014)
  35. Tetlow H, de Boer JP, Ford I, Vvedensky D, Coraux J, Kantorovich L, Phys. Rep., 542, 195 (2014)
  36. Chen X, Zhang L, Chen S, Synth. Metals, 210, 95 (2015)
  37. Liu Z, Lin L, Ren H, Sun X, CVD Synthesis of Graphene, Elsevier, p.19 2017.
  38. Wang Q, Wang X, Chai Z, Hu W, Chem. Soc. Rev., 42, 8821 (2013)
  39. Fray D, Kamali A, Method of Producing Graphene, Google Patents, 2017.
  40. Wu A, Li X, Yang J, Du C, Shen W, Yan J, Nanomaterials, 7, 318 (2017)
  41. Bo Z, Yuan M, Mao B, Chen X, Yan J, Cen K, Sens. Actuators B-Chem., 256, 1011 (2018)
  42. Li N, Wang Z, Zhao K, Shi Z, Gu Z, Xu S, Carbon, 48, 255 (2010)
  43. Zhao G, Wen T, Chen C, Wang X, RSC Adv., 2, 9286 (2012)
  44. Zhang W, Cui J, Tao CA, Wu Y, Li Z, Ma L, Wen Y, Li G, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 121, 5978 (2009)
  45. Li X, Cai W, An J, Kim S, Nah J, Yang D, Piner R, Velamakanni A, Jung I, Tutuc E, Science, 324, 1312 (2009)
  46. Malesevic A, Vitchev R, Schouteden K, Volodin A, Zhang L, Van Tendeloo G, Vanhulsel A, Van Haesendonck C, Nanotechnology, 19, 305604 (2008)
  47. Sprinkle M, Soukiassian P, De Heer W, Berger C, Conrad E, Phys. Status Solidi (RRL) Rapid Res. Lett. 3 (2009).
  48. Jiao L, Zhang L, Wang X, Diankov G, Dai H, Nature, 458, 877 (2009)
  49. Kim CD, Min BK, Jung WS, Carbon, 47, 1610 (2009)
  50. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV, Firsov AA, Science, 306, 666 (2004)
  51. Bourlinos AB, Georgakilas V, Zboril R, Steriotis TA, Stubos AK, Small, 5, 1841 (2009)
  52. Liu N, Luo F, Wu HX, Liu YH, Zhang C, Chen J, Adv. Funct. Mater., 18(10), 1518 (2008)
  53. Behabtu N, Lomeda JR, Green MJ, Higginbotham AL, Sinitskii A, Kosynkin DV, Tsentalovich D, Parra-Vasquez ANG, Schmidt J, Kesselman E, Cohen Y, Talmon Y, Tour JM, Pasquali M, Nat. Nanotechnol., 5(6), 406 (2010)
  54. Wang XS, Qin Y, Process Biochem., 40(2), 677 (2005)
  55. Pierce C, J. Phys. Chem., 64, 1184 (1960)
  56. Henderson D, Barojas J, Blum L, J. Phys. Chem., 87, 4544 (1983)
  57. Cokelet GR, Hollander FJ, Smith JH, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 14, 470 (1969)
  58. Danish M, Hashim R, Ibrahim MNM, Rafatullah M, Sulaiman O, Ahmad T, Shamsuzzoha M, Ahmad A, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 56(9), 3607 (2011)
  59. Redhead PA, Langmuir, 12(3), 763 (1996)
  60. Onal I, Soyer S, Senkan S, Surf. Sci., 600, 2457 (2006)
  61. Goel J, Kadirvelu K, Rajagopal C, Garg VK, J. Hazard. Mater., 125(1-3), 211 (2005)
  62. Saha D, Deng SG, Langmuir, 27(11), 6780 (2011)
  63. Allegretti F, O’brien S, Polcik M, Sayago DI, Woodruff DP, Phys. Rev. Lett., 95, 226104 (2005)
  64. Wang Y, Padua GW, J. Agric. Food Chem., 52, 3100 (2004)
  65. Bejar AK, Mihoubi NB, Kechaou N, Food Chem., 132, 1728 (2012)
  66. Putro JN, Santoso SP, Ismadji S, Ju YH, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 246, 166 (2017)
  67. Baseri H, Tizro S, Process Saf. Environ. Protect., 109, 465 (2017)
  68. Wang X, Guo Y, Yang L, Han M, Zhao J, Cheng X, J. Environ. Anal. Toxicol., 2, 100015 (2012)
  69. Ruparelia JP, Duttagupta SP, Chatterjee AK, Mukherji S, Desalination, 232(1-3), 145 (2008)
  70. Singh D, Gautam RK, Kumar R, Shukla BK, Shankar V, Krishna V, J. Water Process Eng., 4, 233 (2014)
  71. Yu G, Lu Y, Guo J, Patel M, Bafana A, Wang X, Qiu B, Jeffryes C, Wei S, Guo Z, Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater., 1 (2017).
  72. Chakrapani C, Babu C, Vani K, Rao KS, J. Chem., 7, A419 (2010)
  73. Cavus S, Gurdag G, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 48(5), 2652 (2009)
  74. Fan HT, Fan XL, Li J, Guo MM, Zhang DS, Yan F, Sun T, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 51(14), 5216 (2012)
  75. Tan P, Sun J, Hu YY, Fang Z, Bi Q, Chen YC, Cheng JH, J. Hazard. Mater., 297, 251 (2015)
  76. Wang SS, Gao B, Zimmerman AR, Li YC, Ma L, Harris WG, Migliaccio KW, Bioresour. Technol., 175, 391 (2015)
  77. Yakout S, Elsherif E, Appl. Sci. Innov. Pvt. Ltd. India, 1, 144 (2010)
  78. Xu J, Liu X, Lowry GV, Cao Z, Zhao H, Zhou JL, Xu X, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, 7333 (2016)
  79. Xu J, Cao Z, Zhang Y, Yuan Z, Lou Z, Xu X, Wang X, Chemosphere, 195, 351 (2018)
  80. Andersson KI, Eriksson M, Norgren M, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 50(13), 7722 (2011)
  81. Sitko R, Turek E, Zawisza B, Malicka E, Talik E, Heimann J, Gagor A, Feist B, Wrzalik R, Dalton Trans., 42, 5682 (2013)
  82. Yang YF, Xie YL, Pang LC, Li M, Song XH, Wen JG, Zhao HY, Langmuir, 29(34), 10727 (2013)
  83. Hu XJ, Liu YG, Wang H, Chen AW, Zeng GM, Liu SM, Guo YM, Hu X, Li TT, Wang YQ, Zhou L, Liu SH, Sep. Purif. Technol., 108, 189 (2013)
  84. Dinda D, Gupta A, Saha SK, J. Mater. Chem. A, 1, 11221 (2013)
  85. Petterson L, Nolan P, Janes D, Potential for Human Exposure, (2008).
  86. ICdA, Level of Cadmium in the Environment, International Cadmium Association, Brussels, 2017.
  87. Namiesnik J, Rabajczyk A, Chem. Speciat. Bioavailab., 22, 1 (2010)
  88. Nordberg GF, Fowler BA, Nordberg M, Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Academic Press, 2014.
  89. Ramboll, Heavy Metals in Wastewater: Removal and Analyses, (2013).
  90. Shariat M, Study on Removal of Cadmium from Water by Adsorption on GAC, BAC and Biofilter, CRC Press, p.125 2004.
  91. Zhang Y, Peng W, Xia L, Song S, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 5, 4157 (2017)
  92. Zhang F, Wang B, He SF, Man RL, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 59(5), 1719 (2014)
  93. Haamoodi ALAF, Hussein ALFA, Ahmed TG, Eng. Technol. J. 34,1903 (2016).
  94. Li XY, Zhou HH, Wu WQ, Wei SD, Xu Y, Kuang YF, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 448, 389 (2015)
  95. Wang Y, Liang S, Chen B, Guo F, Yu S,Tang Y, PLoS One, 8, e65634 (2013)
  96. Nandi D, Basu T, Debnath S, Ghosh AK, De A, Ghosh UC, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 58(10), 2809 (2013)
  97. Zhao G, Li J, Ren X, Chen C, Wang X, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 10454 (2011)
  98. Tan P, Sun J, Hu YY, Fang Z, Bi Q, Chen YC, Cheng JH, J. Hazard. Mater., 297, 251 (2015)
  99. Lee YC, Yang JW, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 18(3), 1178 (2012)
  100. Deng JH, Zhang XR, Zeng GM, Gong JL, Niu QY, Liang J, Chem. Eng. J., 226, 189 (2013)
  101. Alvand M, Shemirani F, Microchim. Acta, 183, 1749 (2016)
  102. Sitko R, Musielak M, Zawisza B, Talik E, Gagor A, RSC Adv., 6, 96595 (2016)
  103. Acharya J, Kumar U, Meikap B, S. Afr. J. Chem. Eng., 18, 70 (2013)
  104. Mondal M, J. Environ. Manage., 90, 3266 (2009)
  105. Yang S, Hu J, Chen C, Shao D, Wang X, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 3621 (2011)
  106. Arbabi M, Hemati S, Amiri M, Int. J. Epidemiol. Res., 2, 105 (2015)
  107. Mudipalli A, Indian J. Med. Res., 126, 518 (2007)
  108. Momcilovic M, Purenovic M, Bojic A, Zarubica A, Randelovic M, Desalination, 276(1-3), 53 (2011)
  109. Mohammad AM, Eldin TAS, Hassan MA, El-Anadouli BE, Arab. J. Chem., 10, 683 (2017)
  110. Dong L, Zhu Z, Qiu Y, Zhao J, Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 10, 28 (2016)
  111. Huang S, Song S, Zhang R, Wen T, Wang X, Yu S, Song W, Hayat T, Alsaedi A, Wang X, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 5, 11268 (2017)
  112. Singha B, Das SK, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 19, 2212 (2012)
  113. Ozacar M, Sengil IA, Turkmenler H, Chem. Eng. J., 143(1-3), 32 (2008)
  114. Musico YLF, Santos CM, Dalida MLP, Rodrigues DF, J. Mater. Chem. A, 1, 3789 (2013)
  115. Zhao G, Ren X, Gao X, Tan X, Li J, Chen C, Huang Y, Wang X, Dalton Trans., 40, 10945 (2011)
  116. Kumar S, Nair RR, Pillai PB, Gupta SN, Iyengar M, Sood A, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 6, 17426 (2014)
  117. Cui LM, Wang YG, Gao L, Hu LH, Yan LG, Wei Q, Du B, Chem. Eng. J., 281, 1 (2015)
  118. Najafabadi HH, Irani M, Rad LR, Haratameh AH, Haririan I, RSC Adv., 5, 16532 (2015)
  119. Carpio IEM, Mangadlao JD, Nguyen HN, Advincula RC, Rodrigues DF, Carbon, 77, 289 (2014)
  120. Liu Y, Xu L, Liu JS, Liu XY, Chen CH, Li GY, Meng YF, Chem. Eng. J., 285, 698 (2016)
  121. Gari VRDK, Kim M, Monatshefte Chem. Chem. Mon., 146, 1445 (2015)
  122. Luo SL, Xu XL, Zhou GY, Liu CB, Tang YH, Liu YT, J. Hazard. Mater., 274, 145 (2014)
  123. Tan MT, Liu X, Li W, Li HX, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 60(5), 1469 (2015)
  124. Sitko R, Janik P, Feist B, Talik E, Gagor A, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 6, 20144 (2014)
  125. Hu H, Li X, Huang P, Zhang Q, Yuan W, J. Environ. Manage., 203, 1 (2017)
  126. Zou Y, Wang X, Khan A, Wang P, Liu Y, Alsaedi A, Hayat T, Wang X, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 7290 (2016)
  127. Nassef E, El-Taweel YA, J. Chem. Eng. Process Technol., 6, 1 (2015)
  128. Bang S, Choi JW, Cho K, Chung C, Kang H, Hong SW, Chem. Eng. J., 288, 525 (2016)
  129. Awual MR, Ismael M, Yaita T, El-Safty SA, Shiwaku H, Okamoto Y, Suzuki S, Chem. Eng. J., 222, 67 (2013)
  130. Akar ST, Akar T, Kaynak Z, Anilan B, Cabuk A, Tabak O, Demir TA, Gedikbey T, Hydrometallurgy, 97, 98 (2009)
  131. Pal A, Jayamani J, Prasad R, Neurotoxicology, 44, 58 (2014)
  132. Bilal M, Shah JA, Ashfaq T, Gardazi SMH, Tahir AA, Pervez A, Haroon H, Mahmood Q, J. Hazard. Mater., 263, 322 (2013)
  133. Xing HT, Chen JH, Sun X, Huang YH, Su ZB, Hu SR, Weng W, Li SX, Guo HX, Wu WB, He YS, Li FM, Huang Y, Chem. Eng. J., 263, 280 (2015)
  134. Li L, Wang Z, Ma P, Bai H, Dong W, Chen M, J. Polym. Res., 22, 150 (2015)
  135. Sui N, Wang L, Wu X, Li X, Sui J, Xiao H, Liu M, Wan J, William WY, RSC Adv., 5, 746 (2015)
  136. Yu S, Wang X, Ai Y, Liang Y, Ji Y, Li J, Hayat T, Alsaedi A, Wang X, Environ. Sci. Nano, 3, 1361 (2016)
  137. Mi X, Huang G, Xie W, Wang W, Liu Y, Gao J, Carbon, 50, 4856 (2012)
  138. Li J, Zhang S, Chen C, Zhao G, Yang X, Li J, Wang X, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 4, 4991 (2012)
  139. Herrero-Latorre C, Barciela-Garcia J, Garcia-Martin S, Pena-Crecente R, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1002, 1 (2017)
  140. Wang J, Wang P, Wang H, Dong J, Chen W, Wang X, Wang S, Hayat T, Alsaedi A, Wang X, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 5, 7165 (2017)
  141. NAMIE SNIK J, Rabajczyk A, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 327 (2012)
  142. Wang J, Liang Y, Jin Q, Hou J, Liu B, Li X, Chen W, Hayat T, Alsaedi A, Wang X, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 5, 5550 (2017)
  143. Wen T, Fan Q, Tan X, Chen Y, Chen C, Xu A, Wang X, Polym. Chem, 7, 785 (2016)
  144. He C, Yang Z, Ding J, Chen Y, Tong X, Li Y, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 520, 448 (2017)
  145. Setshedi KZ, Bhaumik M, Onyango MS, Maity A, Chem. Eng. J., 262, 921 (2015)
  146. Lewicki S, Zdanowski R, Krzyzowska M, Lewicka A, Debski B, Niemcewicz M, Goniewicz M, Ann. Agric. Environ. Med., 21 (2014)
  147. Thompson CM, Bichteler A, Rager JE, Suh M, Proctor DM, Haws LC, Harris MA, Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 800, 28 (2016)
  148. Wen T, Wang J, Yu S, Chen Z, Hayat T, Wang X, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 5, 4371 (2017)
  149. Wang X, Liang YH, An WJ, Hu JS, Zhu YF, Cui WQ, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 219, 53 (2017)
  150. Verma A, Dua R, Singh A, Bishnoi NR, Water Sci., 29, 19 (2015)
  151. Wang J, Wang XX, Zhao GX, Song G, Chen DY, Chen HX, Xie J, Hayat T, Alsaedi A, Wang XK, Chem. Eng. J., 334, 569 (2018)
  152. Chauke VP, Maity A, Chetty A, J. Mol. Liq., 211, 71 (2015)
  153. Zhang K, Li H, Xu X, Yu H, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 255, 7 (2018)
  154. Li L, Luo C, Li X, Duan H, Wang X, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 66, 172 (2014)
  155. Fan L, Luo C, Sun M, Qiu H, J. Mater. Chem., 22, 24577 (2012)
  156. Li L, Duan H, Wang X, Luo C, New J. Chem., 38, 6008 (2014)
  157. Guo FY, Liu YG, Wang H, Zeng GM, Hu XJ, Zheng BH, Li TT, Tan XT, Wang SF, Zhang MM, RSC Adv., 5, 45384 (2015)
  158. Li L, Fan L, Sun M, Qiu H, Li X, Duan H, Luo C, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 58, 169 (2013)
  159. Awad FS, AbouZeid KM, El-Maaty WMA, El-Wakil AM, El-Shall MS, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 34230 (2017)
  160. Liu M, Wen T, Wu X, Chen C, Hu J, Li J, Wang X, Dalton Trans., 42, 14710 (2013)
  161. Liu Xia, Huang Yongshun, Duan Shengxia, Wang Yanan, Li Jiaxing, Chen Yuantao, Hayat Tasawar, Wang Xiangke, Chem. Eng. J., 302, 763 (2016)
  162. Gal J, Hursthouse A, Tatner P, Stewart F, Welton R, Environ. Int., 34, 821 (2008)
  163. Rengaraj S, Moon SH, Water Res., 36, 1783 (2002)
  164. Wang Y, Liu X, Huang Y, Hayat T, Alsaedi A, Li J, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 311, 209 (2017)
  165. Wang X, Fan Q, Chen Z, Wang Q, Li J, Hobiny A, Alsaedi A, Wang X, Chem. Rec., 16, 295 (2016)
  166. Zhang L, Jiang XQ, Xu TC, Yang LJ, Zhang YY, Jin HJ, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 51(15), 5577 (2012)
  167. Jia M, Cui HM, Jin WQ, Zhu LL, Liu Y, Chen J, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 88(3), 437 (2013)
  168. Zhao L, Chen L, Xu M, Feng S, Ding Y, Wakeel M, Alharbi NS, Chen C, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 5, 10290 (2017)
  169. Liu X, Wang X, Li J, Wang X, Sci. China Chem., 59, 869 (2016)
  170. Zhao DL, Zhang Q, Xuan H, Chen Y, Zhang KH, Feng SJ, Alsaedi A, Hayat T, Chen CL, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 506, 300 (2017)
  171. Liu X, Li J, Wang X, Chen C, Wang X, J. Nucl. Mater., 466, 56 (2015)
  172. Chen LL, Zhao DL, Chen SH, Wang XB, Chen CL, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 472, 99 (2016)
  173. Li J, Chen C, Zhang R, Wang X, Sci. China Chem., 59, 150 (2016)
  174. Pumera M, Ambrosi A, Bonanni A, Chng ELK, Poh HL, TrAC Trends Anal. Chem., 29, 954 (2010)
  175. Xin G, Hwang W, Kim N, Cho SM, Chae H, Nanotechnology, 21, 405201 (2010)
  176. Singh V, Joung D, Zhai L, Das S, Khondaker SI, Seal S, Prog. Mater. Sci., 56(8), 1178 (2011)
  177. Scida K, Stege PW, Haby G, Messina GA, Garcia CD, Anal. Chim. Acta, 691, 6 (2011)
  178. Wang SB, Sun HQ, Ang HM, Tade MO, Chem. Eng. J., 226, 336 (2013)
  179. Perreault F, De Faria AF, Elimelech M, Chem. Soc. Rev., 44, 5861 (2015)
  180. Ang PK, Wang S, Bao Q, Thong JT, Loh KP, Acs Nano, 3, 3587 (2009)
  181. Kemp KC, Seema H, Saleh M, Le NH, Mahesh K, Chandra V, Kim KS, Nanoscale, 5, 3149 (2013)