An anaerobic membrane reactor (AnMBR) was investigated and compared with a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) in order to treat thermal hydrolyzed sludge. Long term experiments were carried out by shortening the hydraulic retention time CURT) from 30 d to 3 d under mesophilic conditions. The results obtained show that at each HRT the AnMBR had higher removal efficiencies for total solids and volatile solids, and higher specific methanogenic activities. Comparable process stability was obtained for the two reactors. A flat sheet membrane could work with the high solid system but the trans,membrane pressure appeared sensitive to total solid concentrations. Foaming occurred in the AnMBR at a HRT of 3 d, and an organic loading rate of 8.84 kg-COD/(m(3).d) further deteriorated the membrane filtration. Hydrogentropic methanogens, in particular Methanospiriilum, dominated the archaea community in both the AnMBR and the CSTR at a HRT of 3d (i.e. 85% in the AnMBR and 95% in the CSTR). An obligate acetoclastic methanogen, Methanosaeta, was found at a very low level during all the HRTs. As a whole, the efficiency of methanogenesis in the AnMBR to treat thermal hydrolyzed sludge was proved to be better than in the CSTR during short HRTs. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.