Gold nanoparticles were fabricated on an ordered aluminum dimple array via aluminum anodizing, sputter coating, and thermal treatment, and the transformation behavior and nanostructural characterization were investigated in detail. Electropolished aluminum specimens were anodized in an oxalic acid solution under self-ordering conditions at 40 V, and then the porous alumina was selectively dissolved to expose an ordered aluminum dimple array with each dimple measuring 100 nm. A thin layer of gold was coated onto the dimple array, and a thermal treatment was subsequently performed. The gold layer was transformed into numerous particles by the thermal treatment due to dewetting. When the values of gold layer thickness, thermal treatment temperature, and thermal treatment duration were optimized, the gold particles were located at the bottom of each aluminum dimple. Consequently, multiply-twinned particles with polygonal and elliptical shapes were regularly distributed on the aluminum dimple array treated at 473 K. Although the rate of the transformation induced by dewetting increased with the temperature of the thermal treatment, non-uniform gold nanostructures were formed by extended thermal treatment at 873 K. The gold particles formed on the aluminum surface exhibited excellent adhesion upon ultrasonication.