Both Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL) and Never-in-mitosis A (NIMA)-related kinase 1 (NEK1) are involved in primary cilium formation, but whether VHL could regulate NEK1 is unknown. Here, we demonstrated that renal cancer cells Caki-1 and ACHN with wild-type VHL expressed lower level of NEK1 than that of VHL-defective cells including 786-O, 769-P and A498 cells. VHL-overexpression down-regulated NEK1 in 769-P cells, while VHL-knockdown up-regulated NEK1 in Caki-1 cells. In addition, we found the hypoxia response element (HRE) in the promoter sequence of NEK1 and hypoxia induced NEK1 expression both in vitro and in vivo. HIF-2 alpha knockdown blocked hypoxia induced NEK1 upregulation instead of HIF-1 alpha, which indicates that NEK1 may be a new target of HIF-2 alpha. Moreover, we confirmed the association between VHL and NEK1 in Caki-1 cell, then showed VHL promoted NEK1 protein degradation and ubiquitination. In conclusion, our findings showed VHL regulates NEK1 via both HIF-2 alpha pathway and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in renal cancer cells. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.