Lignocellulosic biomass, the key structural constituent of plants, is composed of three major components, including cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. It is considered to be one of the potential substitutes for fossil fuels in the chemical industry. Compared to the conversion of biomass-derived compounds, the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass (its components and raw materials) to liquid hydrocarbons, such as alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons, has more important practical significance. Therefore, many efforts have been made on the conversion of raw lignocellulosic biomass or its components to hydrocarbons through various strategies. This article reviews the recent research progress of the catalytic conversion of lignocellulose components (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin) and raw materials into hydrocarbons. Furthermore, the main challenges, including design and preparation of suitable catalysts with multifunctions, such as with the functions of decomposing lignocellulose, dissociating C-O bands and activating hydrogen molecular, environmental friendly reaction solvents and development of efficient and economical process are discussed.