Vaccine development comprises multiple stages, the first of which involves cultivating an organism in a microbial fermenter to produce a vaccine product. In order to ensure the optimal synthesis of the vaccine product, it is necessary to maintain adequate control of the dissolved oxygen (dO(2)), which is required for the organism to grow and survive. Our work is concerned with controlling the dissolved oxygen in a biological fermenter using a PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) Controller. The product from this fermenter is used to create the immunization for a medical illness. However, the present configuration of the PID Controller is inadequate for maintaining the dissolved oxygen at the desired level of 35% relative to saturation. This inadequacy results in violent dO(2) oscillations which compromise the quality of the product. To solve this issue, we use open-loop experimental data to develop empirical transfer-function models of the control process for dissolved oxygen. Then, we apply an optimization algorithm for the PID Controller to obtain the proportional, integral, and derivative gains that would best regulate the dissolved oxygen in the fermenter. The parameters obtained from this algorithm are applied experimentally to the biological fermenter set-up and the results are used to demonstrate that the PID optimization algorithm provides controller settings which successfully regulate the dissolved oxygen. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.