Anaerobic fermentation is a favorable process for microbial production of bulk chemicals like ethanol and organic acids. Low productivity is the bottleneck of several anaerobic processes which has significant impact on the technique competitiveness of production strain. Improving growth rate of production strain can speed up the total production cycle and may finally increase productivity of anaerobic processes. In this work, evolutionary engineering of wild-type strain Escherichia coli W3110 was adopted to improve anaerobic growth in mineral medium. Significant increases in exponential growth rate and stationary cell density were achieved in evolved strain WE269, and a 96.5% increase in lactate productivity has also been observed in batch fermentation of this strain with M9 minimal medium. Then, an engineered strain for lactate production (BW100) was constructed by using WE269 as a platform and 98.3g/L lactate (with an optical purity of D-lactate above 95%) was produced in a 5-L bioreactor after 48h with a productivity of 2.05g/(Lh). Finally, preliminary investigation demonstrated that mutation in sucD (sucD M245I) (encoding succinyl-CoA synthetase); ilvG (ilvG 1bp) (encoding acetolactate synthase 2 catalytic subunit), and rpoB (rpoB T1037P) (encoding RNA polymerase subunit) significantly improved anaerobic growth of E. coli. Double-gene mutation in ilvG and sucD resumed most of the growth potential of evolved strain WE269. This work suggested that improving anaerobic growth of production host can increase productivity of organic acids like lactate, and specific mutation-enabled improved growth may also be applied to metabolic engineering for production of other bulk chemicals.