Semiconductor photocatalysis has attracted considerable attention because it is a promising way to deal with the global energy scarcity and environmental degradation. Over the past few decades, numerous strategies have been put forward to improve the visible-light absorption and decrease the electron-hole recombination of semiconductor photocatalysts. This review mainly focuses on the recent progress in morphology and the structure design of heterostructure-based semiconductor photocatalysts. In addition, the photocatalytic performance of semiconductor systems discussed mainly involves the environmental and energy application, including the degradation of pollutants, hydrogen generation and reduction of CO2 to form hydrocarbon fuel. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for future development of photocatalysts are also addressed.