A central challenge of neuroscience is to monitor the coordinated activity of neural circuits underlying information processing and behavior. Combining the advantages of electrical and optical modalities can provide unprecedented access to the spatiotemporal dynamics of neural activity. Transparent graphene bioelectronics has emerged as a suitable tool for the seamless integration of electrophysiological recording with optical imaging and optogenetic stimulation, opening up a variety of new opportunities in both neuroscience research and clinical applications. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.