화학공학소재연구정보센터
홈 로그인 로그아웃 연락처 사이트맵
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.80, 122-129, December, 2019
DOI10.1016/j.jiec.2019.07.039  Export Citation
Optimization of Cd2+ partial electrolyte treatment on the absorber layer for high-efficiency Cu2ZnSnSe4 solar cells
Ok-Sik Kim, Jin-Beom Kwon, Sae-Wan Kim, Binrui Xu, Jin-Hyuk Bae, Dae-Ho Son1, Young-Ill Kim1, Se-Yun Kim1, Dae-Hwan Kim1, Jin-Kyu Kang1, †, and Shin-Won Kanga†
  • School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
  • 1Convergence Research Center for Solar Energy, Daugu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
E-mail:,
Currently, many researchers are focused on promising new energy technologies such as Cu2ZnSnS4-based solar cells to replace fossil fuel sources. Investigations into a variety of methods have been done to analyze the interfacial problems and improve the cell interfacial properties via a variety of methods. In particular, In order to improve the electrical performance of Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) based solar cells, the Cd partial electrolyte (Cd PE) treatment that is an effective method in CIGS solar cells prior to applying their CdS buffer layer to their absorber layer has been studied. In our study, we investigated the Cd PE treatment time, the Cd PE bath temperature, and the correlation between Cd PE treatment and CdS thickness. The optimum Cd PE absorber treatment was 7 min at 70 °C, with a CdS layer of 35 nm thick deposited cells. This combination increased photo-carrier collection in the short wavelength range and reduced absorber-buffer interface recombination. The efficiency of a 35 nm buffer layer sample without PE treatment was 8.90%. The efficiency of another 35 nm buffer layer sample was 10.38% (Voc: 441 mV, Jsc: 38.15 mA/cm2, and FF: 61.58%) after Cd PE treatment due to the increase of Jsc, FF and Rs despite the deficit of Voc.
Keywords:CZTSe;Cd2+ partial electrolyte;Optimization;Buffer layer;CdS;Thin films solar cells
  1. Jimbo K, Kimura R, Kamimura T, Yamada S, Maw WS, Araki H, Oishi K, Katagiri H, Thin Solid Films, 515(15), 5997 (2007)
  2. Katagiri H, Saitoh K, Washio T, Shinohara H, Kurumadani T, Miyajima S, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 65, 141 (2001)
  3. Postnikov AV, Yakushev MV, Thin Solid Films, 451, 141 (2004)
  4. Repins I, Contreras MA, Egaas B, Dehart C, Scharf J, Perkins CL, To B, Noufi R, Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl., 16.3, 235 (2008)
  5. Dimmler B, Schock HW, Photovoltaics Res. Appl., 4.6, 425 (1996)
  6. Jackson P, Hariskos D, Lotter E, Paetel S, Wuerz R, Menner R, Wischmann W, Powalla M, Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl., 19, 894 (2011)
  7. Contreras MA, Egaas B, Ramanathan K, Hiltner J, Swatzlander A, Hasoon F, Noufi R, Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl., 7, 311 (1999)
  8. Green MA, Hishikawa Y, Dunlop ED, Levi DH, Hohl-Ebinger J, Ho-Baillie AWY, Photovoltaics Res. Appl., 26, 427 (2018)
  9. Jackson P, Wuerz R, Hariskos D, Lotter E, Witte W, Powalla M, Phys. Status Solidi RRL., 10, 583 (2016)
  10. Das P, Samantaray S, Rout GR, Environ. Pollut., 98, 29 (1997)
  11. Phipps G, Mikolajczak C, Guckes T, Renew. Energy Focus, 9, 56 (2008)
  12. Schwarz T, Cojocaru-Miredin O, Choi P, Mousel M, Redinger A, Siebentritt S, Raabe D, Appl. Phys. Lett., 102, 042101 (2013)
  13. Patel M, Ray A, Physica B, 407.21, 4391 (2012)
  14. Green MA, Hishikawa Y, Dunlop ED, Levi DH, Hohl-Ebinger J, Yoshita M, Ho-Baillie AW, Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl., 27(1), 3 (2018)
  15. Taskesen T, Neerken J, Schoneberg J, Pareek D, Steininger V, Parisi J, Gutay L, Adv. Eng. Mater., 8, 170329 (2018)
  16. Kim J, Hiroi H, Todorov TK, Gunawan O, Kuwahara M, Gokmen T, Nair D, Hopstaken M, Shin B, Lee YS, Wang W, Sugimoto H, Mitzi DB, Adv. Mater., 26(44), 7427 (2014)
  17. Wang W, Winkler MT, Gunawan O, Gokmen T, Todorov TK, Zhu Y, Mitzi DB, Adv. Eng. Mater., 4, 130146 (2014)
  18. Ozsan ME, Johnson DR, Sadeghi M, Sivapathasundaram D, Peter LM, Furlong MJ, Goodlet G, Shingleton A, Lincot D, Mokili B, Vedel J, Proceedings of 1994 IEEE 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion-WCPEC, 1, pp.327 (1994).
  19. Naghavi N, Spiering S, Powalla M, Cavana B, Lincot D, Photovoltaics Res. Appl., 17, 437 (2003)
  20. Brammertz G, Buffiere M, Oueslati S, ElAnzeery H, Messaoud KB, Sahayaraj S, Koble C, Meuris M, Poortmans J, Appl. Phys. Lett., 103.16, 163904 (2013)
  21. Lincot D, Ortega-Borges R, Vedel J, Ruckh M, Kessler J, Vethaus KO, Hariskos D, Chock HW, Proc. 11th Eur. Photovoltaics Sol. Energy Conf., 870, pp.870 (1992).
  22. Sanchez Y, Espindola-Rodriguez M, Xie H, Lopez-Marino S, Neuschitzer M, Giraldo S, Dimitrievska M, Placidi M, Izquierdo-Roca V, Pulgarin-Agudelo PA, Vigil-Galan O, Saucedo E, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 158, 138 (2016)
  23. Winkler MT, Wang W, Gunawan O, Hovel HJ, Todorov TK, Mitzi DB, Energy Environ. Sci., 7.3, 1029 (2014)
  24. Orgassa K, Rau U, Nguyen Q, Schock HW, Werner JH, Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl., 10.7, 457 (2002)
  25. Wanda T, Hashimoto Y, Nishiwaki S, Satoh T, Hayashi S, Negami T, Miyake H, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 67.1-4, 305 (2001)
  26. Wu JC, Zheng J, Wu P, Xu R, J. Phys. Chem. C., 115.13, 5675 (2011)
  27. Varley JB, Lordi V, Appl. Phys. Lett., 103.10, 102103 (2013)
  28. Ramanathan K, Bhattacharya RN, Webb J, Niles D, Contreras MA, Wiesner H, Hasoon FS, Noufi R, In Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, pp.319 (1997).
  29. Contreras MA, Romero MJ, To B, Hasoon F, Noufi R, Ward S, Ramanathan K, Thin Solid Films, 403, 204 (2002)
  30. Weinhardt L, Gleim T, Fuchs O, Heske C, Umbach E, Bar M, Muffler HJ, Fischer CH, Lux-Steiner MC, Zubavichus Y, Niesen TP, Karg F, Appl. Phys. Lett., 82, 571 (2003)
  31. Messaoud KBB, Buffiere M, Brammertz G, El Anzeery H, Oueslati S, Hamon J, Kniknie BJ, Meuris S, Amlouk M, Poortmans J, Photovoltaics Res. Appl., 20, 1608 (2015)
  32. Simchi H, McCandless BE, Kim K, Boyle JH, Shafarman WN, Thin Solid Films, 535, 102 (2013)
  33. He J, Tao J, Meng X, Dong Y, Zhang K, Sun L, Yang P, Chu J, Mater. Lett., 126, 1 (2014)
  34. Nagoya A, Asahi R, Kresse G, J. Phys. Condens. Matter., 40, 404203 (2011)
  35. Redinger A, Berg DM, Dale PJ, Siebentritt S, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133(10), 3320 (2011)
  36. Chen ZS, Han L, Wan L, Zhang CH, Niu HH, Xu JZ, Appl. Surf. Sci., 257(20), 8490 (2011)
  37. Ramanathan K, Hasoon FS, Smith S, Young DL, Contreras MA, Johnson PK, Pudov AO, Sites JR, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 64, 1495 (2003)
  38. Messaoud KB, Buffiere M, Brammertz G, Lenaers N, Boyen HG, Sahayaraj S, Meuris M, Amlouk M, Poortmans J, J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys., 50, 285501 (2017)
  39. Nakane A, Tampo H, Tamakoshi M, Fujimoto S, Kim KM, Kim S, Shibata H, Niki S, Fujiwara H, J. Appl. Phys., 120, 64505 (2016)
  40. Wang K, Gunawan O, Todorov T, Shin B, Shey SJ, Bojarczuk NA, Mitzi D, Guha S, Appl. Phys. Lett., 97, 143508 (2010)
  41. Nadenau V, Rau U, Jasenek A, Schok HW, J. Appl. Phys., 87, 584 (2000)
  42. Hegedus SS, Shafarman WN, Prog. Photovoltaics., 12, 155 (2004)