Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol.102, No.9, 5149-5163, 2019
Crystallization study of rare earth and molybdenum containing nuclear waste glass ceramics
A glass-ceramic waste form is being developed for immobilization of waste streams of alkali (A), alkaline-earth (AE), rare earth (RE), and transition metals generated by transuranic extraction for reprocessing of used nuclear fuel. Benefits over an alkali borosilicate waste form are realized by the partitioning of the fission product fraction insoluble in glass into a suite of chemically durable crystalline phases through controlled cooling, including (AE,A,RE)MoO4 (powellite) and (RE,A,AE)(10)Si6O26 (oxyapatite). In this study, a simplified 8-oxide system (SiO2-Nd2O3-CaO-Na2O-B2O3-Al2O3-MoO3-ZrO2) was melted, then soaked at various temperatures from 1450 to 1150 degrees C, and subsequently quenched, in order to obtain snapshots into the phase distribution at these temperatures. For these samples, small angle X-ray and neutron scattering, quantitative X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, Na-23 nuclear magnetic resonance, Nd3+ visible absorption, and temperature-dependent viscosity were characterized. In this composition, soak temperatures of less than or similar to 1250 degrees C were necessary to nucleate calcium molybdate (similar to 10-20nm in diameter). Further cooling produced oxyapatite and total crystallization increased with lower soak temperatures. Both Na and Nd entered the crystalline phases with lower-temperature soak conditions. Slow cooling or long isothermal treatments at similar to 975 degrees C produced significantly higher crystal fractions.