Effective interfaces composed of smart materials could play a critical role in the rapid transfer and separation of charges to achieve the high power-conversion efficiency of solar cells. In this work, we report an efficient chemical solar cell that uses a ZnO/ZnxCd1-xS/CdS structure, modified with CdSe deposited with a microwave hydrothermal technique, for rapid transport of charges using a frame construction to allow for reuse. The morphology, nanostructure, and reaction mechanisms of CdS nanorods and the ZnxCd1-xS layer were systematically investigated. The results indicated that light absorption expands from 550 nm of CdS to 700 nm because of the absorption of nearly all the visible light by deposited CdSe quantum dots. The effects of the compositional structure on cell performance are investigated to reveal the enhancement mechanism, which is mainly attributed to the suitable nano-branch structure, high light absorbability, low charge transfer resistance, and low recombination rate. This work demonstrates a potential universal method of designing an interface with a multi-component composite for efficient charge transport and separation, not only in chemical solar cells but with extensions to photocatalysis and water splitting uses as well.