Lignocellulosic hydrolysate contains complex nonsugar compounds and undegraded sugars in the process of preparing platform compound levulinic acid (LA) and furfural by one-step dilute-acid hydrolysis. For efficiently and comprehensively utilizing the hydrolysate, a series of polar modified resins were synthesized for adsorption and separation of the sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate to obtain platform compounds and fermentable hydrolysate simultaneously. The adsorption capacities of LA and furfural were optimized to 85.32 mg/g and 33.55 mg/g on polar modified resin prepared with 80 wt% glycidyl methacrylate (GMA -80), which was much higher than nonpolar resin (4.16 mg/g and 16.14 mg/g). GMA-80 obtained the best comprehensive adsorption property, whose desorption rates were 99.90% and 89.86% for LA and furfural, respectively, and its regeneration performance was also excellent, indicating that the resin is a potential adsorbent and expected to be used in the separation and purification of the lignocellulosic hydrolysate.