The solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising electrochemical conversion devices and have been studied for several decades. While numerous achievements have been obtained in different types of electrolyte materials, respectively, systematic reviews based on cell performance have been notably rare. In this review, the overall research progress and highlights of the performance of solid oxide fuel cells based on three different types of electrolytes are described in detail. This review can provide overall perspective and useful guidance for the further development and application of SOFCs.