V gamma 6(+) V delta 1(+) gamma delta T cells control tolerance to cold by activating adipocyte IL-17RC and promoting sympathetic innervation of thermogenic adipose tissue in mice. The sympathetic nervous system innervates peripheral organs to regulate their function and maintain homeostasis, whereas target cells also produce neurotrophic factors to promote sympathetic innervation(1,2). The molecular basis of this bi-directional communication remains to be fully determined. Here we use thermogenic adipose tissue from mice as a model system to show that T cells, specifically gamma delta T cells, have a crucial role in promoting sympathetic innervation, at least in part by driving the expression of TGF beta 1 in parenchymal cells via the IL-17 receptor C (IL-17RC). Ablation of IL-17RC specifically in adipose tissue reduces expression of TGF beta 1 in adipocytes, impairs local sympathetic innervation and causes obesity and other metabolic phenotypes that are consistent with defective thermogenesis; innervation can be fully rescued by restoring TGF beta 1 expression. Ablating gamma delta tau cells and the IL-17RC signalling pathway also impairs sympathetic innervation in other tissues such as salivary glands. These findings demonstrate coordination between T cells and parenchymal cells to regulate sympathetic innervation.