Solar Energy, Vol.198, 25-35, 2020
Synthesis and characterization of novel tetra anchoring A(2)-D-D-D-A(2) architecture sensitizers for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells
Novel metal free organic dyes coded TET(RA)(4), TET(CA)(4), and TET(QA)(4) were designed, synthesized, and characterized as effective sensitizers for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). These new push-pull sensitizers used a strong electron donor consisting of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene and two triphenylamine molecules connected together to form a TPA-EDOT-TPA (TET) motif, which is directly connected to tetra anchoring groups (A) without any p-spacers to construct A(2)-D-D-D-A(2) architecture, three different anchoring series, viz. rhodanine-3-acetic acid (RA), cyanoacetic acid (CA), and 2-methyl quinoline-6-carboxylic acid (QA) were employed to investigate the influence of anchoring moieties on the electrochemical, thermodynamic, kinetics, and photovoltaic efficiency of DSSCs. The DSSCs devices showed a maximum overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) = 5.13%, short-circuit current density (J(SC)) = 12.71 mA.cm(-2), open circuit voltage (V-OC) = 0.62 V, and fill factor (FF) = 65.36% with a maximum incident photon conversion efficiency (IPCE)= 75% for TET(QA)(4). The optical and electrochemical studies showed that TET(QC)(4) achieved higher electron injection free energy (Delta G degrees(inj)) into CB edge of TiO2 as well as high recombination resistance (R-rec) compared to TET(RA)(4), and TET(CA)(4), which explains the outstanding charge separation and superior power conversion efficiency (PCE) of TET(QC)(4) possessing quinoline-6-carboxylic acid (QC) anchoring group. Molecular modeling calculations using DFT and TD-DFT showed effective charge separation, where HOMO is delocalized over the donor scaffold (TPA-EDOT-TPA), and the LUMO is delocalized over only two anchoring groups on the same side of the donor system, which provides strong HOMO-LUMO overlap as well as intimate electronic coupling with TiO2 nanoparticle surface for electron injection. Further, the calculated values of the energy gaps (E0-0) and ground/excited stated oxidation potentials were in perfect agreement with the experimental results.