Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol.143, No.11, 3548-3554, 1996
Room-Temperature Inorganic Quasi-Molten Salts as Alkali-Metal Electrolytes
Room temperature inorganic liquids of high ionic conductivity have been prepared by reacting Lewis acid AlCl3 with sulfonyl chlorides. The mechanism is not clear at this time since a crystal structure study of the 1:1 complex with CH3SO2Cl (T-m=30 degrees C) is not consistent with a simple chloride transfer to create AlClO4- anions. The liquid is in a state somewhere between "ionic" and "molecular". A new term "quasi-molten salt" is adopted to describe this state. A comparably conducting liquid can be made using BCl3 in place of AlCl3. Unlike their organic counterparts based on ammonium cations (e.g., pyridinium or imidazolium) which reduce in the presence of alkali metals, this inorganic class of cation shows great stability against electrochemical reduction (ca. -1.0 V vs. Li+/Li), with the useful consequence that reversible lithium and sodium metal deposition/stripping can be supported. The electrochemical "window" for these quasi-salts with AlCl3 ranges up to 5.0 V, and their room temperature conductivities exceed 10(-4) S/cm. They dissolve lithium and sodium tetrachloroaluminates up to mole fraction similar to 0.6 at 100 degrees C and intermediate compositions are permanently stable at ambient. The resultant Lithium or sodium salt solutions exhibit electrochemical windows of 4.5 similar to 5.0 V vs. Li+/Li or Na+/Na and show room temperature conductivities of 10(-3.0) similar to 10(-2.5) S/cm. In preliminary charge/discharge tests, the cell Li/"quasi-ionic liquid electrolyte"/li(1+2)Mn(2)O(4) showed a discharge capacity of ca. 110 mAh/(g of cathode) and sustained 80% of the initial capacity after 60 cycles, indicating that these quasi-molten salt-based electrolytes are promising candidates for alkali metal batteries.