Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol.144, No.3, 792-801, 1997
Rechargeability of MnO2 in KOH Media Produced by Decomposition of Dissolved KMnO4 and Bi(NO3)(3) Mixtures .1. Mn-Bi Complexes
Bi-doped MnO2 samples produced by the slow decomposition of KMnO4 and Bi(NO3)(3) mixtures at room temperature in 0.5 M nitric acid solution have stable voltammograms in 1 M KOH solution even for an extended sweep range from -1.1 to 0.7 V vs. a normal hydrogen electrode. Analysis of the voltammograms shows the existence of complexes between Mn(X) (X = IV, III, and II) and Bi(III), which implies the existence of formation reactions. These reactions take place during the first stage of the slow decomposition of KMnO4 (only X = III, IV) and during the discharge or recharge when the dissolved Mn(X) species are present in the intergranular electrolyte. X-ray diffraction studies show the absence of Mn3O4 when Bi(III) is present. This indicates that the reactions leading to the formation of Bi-Mn complexes prevent the hausmannite spinel lattice forming from dissolved Mn(II) and Mn(III).
Keywords:MANGANESE-DIOXIDE ELECTRODE;X-RAY-DIFFRACTION;DISCHARGE;SYSTEM;BETA-MNO2;INSERTION;BEHAVIOR;EMD