To build and enrich the galleries of elastomers between microstructure and macroscopic performances, the influence mechanism of the composition and topological structure of elastomer matrices is deeply investigated. Three industrial elastomer models (linear-shaped styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), styrene-isoprene-butadiene rubber (SIBR), and star-shaped SIBR) with varying compositions and topological microstructures were designed and synthesized. Then, these elastomers were reinforced with carbon black (CB) nanoparticles using conventional compounding and vulcanization techniques. The multiscale influence of composition (SBR vs SIBR) and topology (linear vs star) on the application performance of elastomers was investigated. The results revealed how the regulation of the cross-linked network, nonpermanent entanglement, filler-filler network, and interfacial interaction (filler and rubber) influenced the viscoelastic performance and mechanical property when the composition and topology were varied. In addition, the adjustment to the dynamic viscoelastic property by the friction of the filler phase, filler-rubber interface, and rubber phase mainly depended on the applied strain and the temperature. The mechanical property was mainly regulated by the network strength, nonpermanent entanglement, and interfacial interaction. According to the nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation results, the ability of the topology to improve the modulus could be attributed to the contents of effective CB particles.