Development of high-fidelity mathematical models and state-of-charge (SOC) estimation of Li-ion battery becomes a significant challenge when the temperature effects are considered. In this paper, we propose an enhanced temperature-dependent equivalent circuit model for a Li-ion battery and applied it for battery parameters estimation and model validation, as well as SOC estimation. First, the new battery model is elaborated, including a newly integrated resistance-capacitor structure, a static hysteresis voltage and a temperature compensation voltage term. The forgetting factor least square approach is utilized to realize the parameter identification. Next, the proposed battery model is employed to estimate battery SOC by incorporating the extended Kalman filter algorithm. Finally, simulation results are provided to demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed battery model in comparison with the common first-order Thevenin temperature model. Compared with Thevenin model, the maximal values of relative reconstruction error and root mean squared error with the proposed battery model are decreased by about 33.3% and 50.0%, respectively, for the battery terminal output voltage, 50.0% and 53.0%, respectively, for the SOC estimation, under three different test profiles.