The use of polymers for plugging high-permeability zones is among the most important technologies for improving oil recovery; however, there are few studies concerning microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) technologies that produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) for enhanced oil recovery. In this study, the facultative anaerobic strain Enterobacter cloacae ZL-02 that produces EPS was screened. The results show that the EPS produced by this strain mainly comprise protein and polysaccharide, with a maximum yield of 9.76 g/L. A core flooding test was conducted in order to further explore strains for MEOR potential. The strain showed good ability for mobility control in terms of its resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient. Additionally, the plugging rate reached 60.1%, which could increase the oil recovery factor by 26.1%. This study therefore provides theoretical support for using MEOR technology to improve recovery in heterogeneous reservoirs.