A comprehensive numerical design of firefighting systems for onshore petroleum installations

Iqrash Shafiq; Murid Hussain; Sumeer Shafique; Muhammad Haris Hamayun; Muhammad Mudassir; Zeeshan Nawaz; Ashfaq Ahmed; Young-Kwon Park

Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol.38, No.9, 1768-1780, September, 2021

DOI10.1007/s11814-021-0820-6 Export Citation

A comprehensive numerical design of firefighting systems for onshore petroleum installations

Iqrash Shafiq¹, Murid Hussain^{1, †}, Sumeer Shafique¹, Muhammad Haris Hamayun¹, Muhammad Mudassir², Zeeshan Nawaz³, Ashfaq Ahmed^{1, 4, †}, and Young-Kwon Park^{4, †}

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, M.A. Jinnah Building, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
²Process Engineering Department, Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
³SABIC Technology & Innovation, Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
⁴School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea

E-mail:, ,

Petroleum facilities containing welded steel bulk flammable liquid product storage tanks possess sundry fire hazards inherent to the facility. These installations urgently require indigenous efficient firefighting systems. So, the efficient design of firewater and firefighting foam system is dynamic in controlling fire-related emergencies. The paper deals with the in-depth conceptualization of the design and analysis of firefighting systems for a typical petroleum handling, processing and storage facility in compliance with international standards. The study is aimed to formulate the elementary technique for designing an optimized firefighting system. The proposed objective was achieved by considering an ideal tank farm site that is most commonly located in a range of terminal stations, pumping stations, petroleum refineries, well sites, etc. Sufficient illumination was enumerated on the standardized classification of the liquid fuel product with respect their flammability range. Special guidelines regarding firefighting system design basis were defined and an optimized firefighting and foam system design was developed. Moreover, sufficient limitations that must be considered during the firefighting of huge tank fires are discussed. This comprehensive numerical design philosophy offers a simple and wide-ranging guide to industrial practitioners by formulating the principles for industrial firefighting system design.

Keywords:Fire;Explosion;Firewater;Firefighting Foam;Design Philosophy;Petroleum Storage Tanks

[References]

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Chang JI, Lin CC, J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., 19(1), 51 (2006)
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Dutta A, Das D, Jana RK, Vo XV, Resour. Policy, 69, 101816 (2020)
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[1] Elhelw M, El-Shobaky A, Attia A, El-Maghlany WM, Process Saf. Environ. Prot., 146, 670 (2021)

[2] Chang JI, Lin CC, J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., 19(1), 51 (2006)

[3] Persson H, Lonnermark A, Tank fires-Review of fire incidents 1951-2003, Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet, Uppsala, Sweden (2004).

[4] Shaluf IM, Abdullah SA, J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., 24(1), 1 (2011)

[5] Zheng B, Chen GH, Process Saf. Progr., 30(3), 29 (2011)

[6] Dutta A, Das D, Jana RK, Vo XV, Resour. Policy, 69, 101816 (2020)

[7] Gungor BO, Ertugrul HM, Soytas U, Technol. Forecas. and Social Change, 166, 120637 (2021).

[8] Sun B, Guo KH, Pareek VK, J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., 35, 200 (2015)

[9] Soudagar MEM, Banapurmath NR, Afzal A, Hossain N, et al., Sci. Rep., 10, 108 (2020)

[10] Chowdhury H, Chowdhury T, Hossain N, Chowdhury P, Salam B, Sait SM, Mahlia TMI, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 25, 12881 (2020)

[11] Kim H, Koh JS, Kim Y, Theofanous TG, Korean. J. Chem. Eng., 22, 8 (2005)

[12] Hurley MJ, SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering, Springer, New York (2015).

[13] Cote AE, Fire protection handbook, 20th Edition, NFPA (2008).

[14] API RP 2001: Standard for fire protection in refineries, 10th Edition. (2012).

[15] OGRA Technical Standards for the Petroleum Industry (Depots for the Storage of Petroleum Products) (2009).

[16] IP19: Fire precautions at petroleum refineries and bulk storage installations (2012).

[17] IPS-E-SF-220: Engineering Standard for Fire Water Distribution and Storage Facilities, Iranian Petroleum Ministry (1993).

[18] Directorate, OISD, STD 116.Fire protection facilities for petroleum refineries and oil/gas processing plants, New Delhi: OISD (1999).

[19] Alimohammadi I, Iran J. Health Saf. Environ., 2(4), 385 (2015)

[20] Parkash S, Petroleum Fuels Manufacturing, McGraw Hill Professional (2009).

[21] Hsu CS, Robinson PR, Gasoline production and blending, in Springer handbook of petroleum technology, Springer, Switzerland (2017).

[22] Aitani AM, Encyclopedia of Energy, 4, 715 (2004)

[23] Rodante TV, Process Saf. Prog., 24(2), 98 (2005)

[24] NFPA 22: Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection (2018).

[25] Martin TJ, Fire-fighting foam technology. in foam engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Chichester, West Sussex, U.K. (2012).

[26] NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code (2018).

[27] NFPA 15: Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection (2017).

[28] Lim JW, J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., 62, 103970 (2019)

[29] Glatz J, Gorzas M, Hovanec M, Oil tank fire modelling for the purposes of emergency planning, ROUTLEDGE in association with GSE Research (2016).

[30] Sutton I, Plant design and operations, Oxford: Gulf Professional Publishing, Cambridge (2017).

[31] API RP 2030: Application of fixed water spray systems for fire protection in the petroleum and petrochemical industries, 4th Edition (2014).

[32] Mansour KA, Fires in large atmospheric storage tanks and their effect on adjacent tanks, PhD Thesis (2012).

[33] NFPA 16: Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems (2019).

[34] Scheffey JL, Foam agents and AFFF system design considerations, in SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, (2016).

[35] Zhang QL, Wang L, Bi YX, Xu DJ, Zhi HQ, Qiu PF, J. Hazard. Mater., 287, 87 (2015)

[36] NFPA 11: Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam (2019).

[37] API 650: Welded steel tanks for oil storage, 13th Edition (2020).

[38] Xu-qing FP, Quan-Zhen L, Hong G, Procedia Eng., 11, 189 (2011)

[39] DiNenno PJ, SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering, Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Bethesda (2008).

[40] Adams JN, Chem. Eng. Prog., 93(12), 55 (1997)