We report the phase behavior of aqueous dispersions containing rodlike boehmite particles with two different average lengths, 130 and 280 nm, with length-to-width ratios of approximately 8 and 20, over a range of ionic strengths. At low salt concentrations, where the particle interaction is predominantly repulsive, a separation into an isotropic upper phase and a birefringent lower phase occurs in the system containing the high-aspect-ratio particles. This phase separation was not observed in the case of dispersions containing the shorter particles. This seems to indicate that the phase separation is driven by the excluded volume effect. Above a critical (low) particle concentration, the repulsive 280 nm long rods form a monophasic birefringent glassy phase. This concentration is much lower than that at the isotropic-nematic transition as predicted from Onsager’s theory for charged rods. Above a critical ionic strength a regime is entered where the phase behavior is largely governed by the attractive interaction. Then for both aspect ratios a space-filling amorphous gel is formed.