Langmuir, Vol.11, No.5, 1797-1806, 1995
Consequences of Kinetic Dispersion on the Electrochemistry of an Adsorbed Redox-Active Monolayer
Mixed monolayers of (ferrocenylcarboxy)alkanethiol + n-alkanethiol have been investigated electrochemically in 2:1 (v:v) chloroethane:butyronitrile solvent in the temperature range of 120-150 K. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of these monolayers shows large oxidation-reduction peak potential separations indicative of electron transfer rate control. The voltammetric wave shapes are also broadened; this and curved log i vs time transients observed in potential step experiments are interpreted as a dispersion in the reaction rates of the ferrocene sites. This paper considers origins and three models for such kinetic dispersion : (i) Using simulations, the observed kinetic dispersion effects can be successfully represented by a Gaussian distribution among the formal potentials (E(0’)) of the surface redox sites. While only an apparent kinetic dispersion (having a thermodynamic origin), we show by simulations that its presence affects potential step log k(APP,eta) vs overpotential (eta) plots, depressing the apparent reorganizational barrier energies (lambda) and elevating the apparent rate constants (k(0)), consistent with previous experimental obsenrations. Similarly, cyclic voltammetric simulations with a Gaussian distribution of E(0’) give excellent fits to experimental voltammograms with midpoint average rates (that with voltammograms can be simulated to fit both the experimental wave shape and Delta E(PEAK) that are roughly 6-fold smaller than the average rate (determined from a fit to the experimental Delta E(PEAK) assuming a homogeneous population). The temperature and chain length dependence of CV simulations are also consistent with experimental observations and indicate that the dispersion has little effect on the accurate determination of lambda from an activation analysis) or the electronic coupling coefficient (beta) (from a plot of log k(0) vs chain length). (ii) A Gaussian distribution of reorganizational energies, which is a real kinetic dispersion, has consequences on the appearance and the analysis of data quantitatively equivalent to those of a distribution of formal potentials. (iii) A kinetic dispersion model based on a Gaussian distribution of tunneling distances (or equivalently the electronic coupling parameter) from the electrode surface is also evaluated. This model predicts curved potential step log i us time plots and, in analysis of log k(APP,eta) vs eta plots, undistorted results for lambda but alteration of the apparent k(0).
Keywords:SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS;ORGANIZED THIOL MONOLAYERS;ELECTRON-TRANSFER KINETICS;INTERFACIAL POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION;ALKANETHIOL MONOLAYERS;GOLD ELECTRODES;FERROCENYLALKANE THIOLS;INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY;OLIGOIMIDE MONOLAYERS;SWEEP VOLTAMMETRY