Langmuir, Vol.15, No.25, 8706-8713, 1999
Determining the colloidal forces between bitumen droplets in water using the hydrodynamic force balance technique
A novel technique using a "hydrodynamic force balance" was introduced to determine the maximum value of attractive forces between two micrometer-sized bitumen droplets in a doublet suspended in water. The technique is based on breaking up a doublet in a gradually increasing wall shear flow and calculating the colloidal force between the two droplets from the breakup shear rate. The measurable force ranges from 10(-13) to 10(-11) N. The upper limit can be further raised after some modifications to the instrument. The validity of the method has been verified by comparing the determined Hamaker constant of bitumen water-bitumen with both the experimental data obtained from another force-measurement technique and the literature value. The methed is applicable to both emulsion and suspension systems although only a bitumen-in-water emulsion was investigated in this study. A bitumen droplet surface contains isolated "bumps" of 50-100 nm in horizontal diameter according to previous study. A disk-sphere model assuming a single disk-shaped protrusion attached to the bitumen droplet was used to interpret the force data. The calculation yielded the thickness values of the protrusions mostly in the range of 0-20 nm, which are consistent with the previous findings.
Keywords:VANDERWAALS ATTRACTION ENERGY;SURFACE-ROUGHNESS;LATEX-PARTICLES;DEPOSITION;CELLS;MICROSCOPE;SCATTERING;EMULSIONS;ANTIBODY;SPHERES