MAJOR histocompatibility complex : class I molecules bind antigenic peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transport them to the cell surface for recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The peptides are predominantly generated from cytoplasmic proteins, probably by the action of the multicatalytic proteinase complex, or proteasome(1,2). They are transported into the ER by the transporters associated with antigen processing (TAP), a complex formed from two subunits, TAP.1 and TAP.2 (refs 3-5). Here we show that the TAP molecules are intimately involved in the assembly of the class I/beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m) peptide complex. Free class I heavy chains are associated in the ER with the chaperone calnexin(6,7). In human B-cell lines, however, class I/beta(2)m dimers in the ER are physically associated with TAP molecules rather than calnexin. Our results suggest that calnexin mediates class I/beta(2)m dimerization, and subsequent binding of the dimers to TAP molecules facilitates their association with TAP-transported peptides.