The stability of pKD1-based vectors was evaluated during the synthesis of intracellular and extracellular gene products in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. The Escherichia coli lacZ and MFalpha1 leader-BPTI (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor) cassettes were placed under the control of the inducible K. lactis LAC4 promoter and inserted into the pKD1-based plasmids. To induce gene expression while maintaining inducer level, a gratuitous gall-209 K. lactis strain was employed. Selective medium containing 5 g glucose/1 and 0.5 g galactose (inducer)/1 allowed optimum expression and secretion of heterologous products without a significant effect on the growth of the recombinant cells. During long-term sequential batch cultures (60 generations), plasmid instability was mainly the result of structural instability. The expression and secretion of BPTI resulted in greater structural instability relative to the intracellular P-galactosidase. For both products, vectors carrying the pKD1 replication origin and the cis-acting stability locus (partial-pKD1 vectors) were more stable than vectors carrying the full pKD1 sequence (full-pKD1 vectors). However, after 55 generations, the P-galactosidase and BPTI activities were still higher with the full-pKD1 vectors. This was due to the significantly higher initial P-galactosidase and BPTI activities for the full-pKD1 vectors (approximately 85% and 47% higher, respectively) relative to the partial-pK1 vectors. Southern blots confirmed that these increases were due to the higher copy number of the vectors carrying the full pKD1 sequence. In contrast to our previously reported results for the secretion of invertase, full-pKD1 vectors were preferred for the expression/secretion of beta-galactosidase and BPTI for at least 55 generations. Due to their structural stability, partial-pKD1 vectors will be advantageous for very long cultivation times.