Glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN) are two structurally related, potent survival factors for sympathetic, sensory and central nervous system neurons(1-6). GDNF mediates its actions through a multicomponent receptor system composed of a ligand-binding glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked protein (designated GDNFR-alpha) and the trans-membrane protein tyrosine kinase Ret(7-12). In contrast, the mechanism by which the NTN signal is transmitted is not well understood. Here we describe the identification and tissue distribution of a GPI-linked protein (designated NTNR-alpha) that is structurally related to GDNFR-alpha. We further demonstrate that NTNR-alpha binds NTN (K-d-10 pM) but not GDNF with high affinity; that GDNFR-alpha binds to GDNF but not NTN with high affinity; and that cellular responses to NTN require the presence of NTNR-alpha. Finally, we show that NTN, in the presence of NTNR-alpha, induces tyrosine-phosphorylation of Ret, and that NTN, NTNR-alpha and Ret form a physical complex on the cell surface. These findings identify Ret and NTNR-alpha as signalling and ligand-binding components, respectively, of a receptor for NTN and define a novel family of receptors for neurotrophic and differentiation factors composed of a shared transmembrane protein tyrosine kinase and a ligand-specific GPI-linked protein.