Lignocellulosic materials treated by the steam explosion technique alone, or in the presence of chemical reagents, undergo remarkable modifications at the level of both the chemical composition and supramolecular structure, developing features suitable for the production of conventional and advanced materials with improved properties. Experience in the production of high yield pulps, composite materials with microbial (PHB) and synthetic (polypropylene) thermoplastic matrices and high modulus lignocellulosic fibers is reported.