Although the treatment of dilute acid pretreated lignocellulosics with calcium hydroxide or carbonate (overliming) is known to improve the fermentability of carbohydrate-rich hydrolyzate streams, a firm understanding of the chemistry behind the process is lacking. Quantitative evaluation of inorganics, uronic acids, and non-polar organics indicates that only a portion of the improvement can be ascribed to these materials. Upon overliming. the concentrations of inorganics either increase (Ca, Mg), decrease (Fe, P, Zn, K) or remain relatively the same (Al. Na). Furthermore, organic compounds that are not extractable with tert-butyl methyl ether (MTBE) are toxic to Zymomonas,mobilis CP4(pZB5). Overliming and direct neutralization are somewhat effective in removing sulfate anions, although sulfate toxicity is considerably less than that of acetic acid. Uronic acids were found to be non-toxic under pH controlled conditions.